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समकालीन भारत में वस्त्र व्यापार

भारतीय वस्त्र उद्योग भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था का एक महत्वपूर्ण हिस्सा है, जो उत्पादन, रोजगार और विदेशी मुद्रा के संबंध में अच्छा प्रदर्शन करने वाले क्षेत्रों में से एक है। भारतीय उपमहाद्वीप सड़क एवं जल मार्गों द्वारा वस्त्र निर्यात के लिए जाना जाता रहा है। उपमहाद्वीप से बाहर भेजे जाने वाले कपड़ों की उत्तम गुणवत्ता और विविध डिजाइन, संपूर्ण यूरोप में सदियों से प्रसिद्ध थे।

हालाँकि, औपनिवेशिक काल में, लगभग सभी अन्य उद्योगों की तरह, भारतीय वस्त्र उद्योग को भी भारी नुकसान उठाना पड़ा था। इससे पहले, भारत यूरोप और विश्व के अन्य क्षेत्रों में तैयार वस्त्र सामग्रियों का निर्यात करता था, लेकिन औपनिवेशिक शासन ने भारत को तैयार वस्त्र सामग्रियों के आपूर्तिकर्ता से इंग्लैंड के उद्योगों में तैयार करने के लिए रेशे और धागें जैसे कच्चे माल के आपूर्तिकर्ता में बदल दिया था। इंग्लैंड में निर्मित वस्तुएँ फिर भारतीय बाजारों में बेची जाती थीं जिससे अंग्रेज़ी मिलों को मुनाफ़ा होता था।

Contemporary

दोहरा इकत पटोला कपड़ा बुनते कारीगर। चित्र स्रोत: विकिमीडिया कॉमन्स

कपड़ों के घरेलू बुनकरों और उत्पादकों को भारी नुकसान उठाना पड़ा क्योंकि बाजार में उनका स्थान अधिक किफ़ायती, मशीन द्वारा बने यूरोपीय कपड़ों ने ले लिया था। इसी कारण से, इंग्लैंड और यूरोप के अन्य हिस्सों से आए इन परिधानों और कपड़ों का बहिष्कार, स्वतंत्रता आंदोलन के दौरान विरोध का एक सशक्त माध्यम बन गया। हाथ से काते गए अथवा खादी कपड़े पर अत्यधिक ध्यान केंद्रित किया गया और महात्मा गांधी द्वारा लोकप्रिय बनाया गया चरखा, आत्मनिर्भरता का एक महत्वपूर्ण प्रतीक बन गया।

1947 में देश के विभाजन से वस्त्र उद्योग को एक और झटका लगा, क्योंकि कच्चे माल का उत्पादन करने वाले क्षेत्र और जिन क्षेत्रों में कारखाने थे, वे नई अंतर्राष्ट्रीय सीमाओं द्वारा विभाजित हो गए। उदाहरण के लिए, जूट और कपास उगाने वाले अधिकांश क्षेत्र क्रमशः पूर्वी और पश्चिमी पाकिस्तान में चले गए, जबकि कच्चे रेशों को संसाधित करने वाली मिलें भारत में रह गईं। सभी जूट मिलें भारत के हिस्से में आईं और 394 सूती मिलों में से केवल 14 मिलें पाकिस्तान के हिस्से में गईं। दूसरी ओर, 80% से अधिक जूट उत्पादक क्षेत्र पूर्वी पाकिस्तान को गए, और लगभग सभी मुख्य कपास उत्पादक क्षेत्र सिंध (पाकिस्तान) में और उसके आसपास थे। विभाजन से पहले कपास के 20 करोड़ गट्ठरों से अधिक का निर्यातक, भारत, 1947 के बाद उच्च लागत पर कपास रेशे का आयात करने की स्थिति में आ गया। इसके अलावा, दोनों देशों के बीच के विभाजन से घरेलू बाजार का जाहिर तौर पर संकुचन हुआ, और इसलिए उत्पादन क्षमता में लाखों पाउंड की गिरावट आई। कम माँग के बावजूद, घरेलू बाजार की पूर्ति हेतु कपास का उत्पादन अभी भी आधा ही रह गया।

Contemporary

महात्मा गांधी ने भारतीय राष्ट्रीय आंदोलन के दौरान घर के बुने धागें (खादी) के उपयोग को लोकप्रिय बनाया। चित्र स्रोत: विकिमीडिया कॉमन्स।

नई भारत सरकार पर, अन्य उद्योगों सहित वस्त्र उद्योग को सुदृढ़ करने के लिए, अतिरिक्त ध्यान देने की जिम्मेदारी आई। नेहरूवादी आर्थिक प्रणाली के तहत, प्रमुख उद्योगों जैसे दूरसंचार, लोहा और इस्पात, इत्यादि, को सख़्त सरकारी नियंत्रण में रखा गया। इसके अतिरिक्त, 1948 में पेश किए गए औद्योगिक नीति वक्तव्य ने राष्ट्रीय हित के 18 उद्योगों को अभिनिर्धारित किया। वस्त्र उद्योग उनमें से एक था और 1951 में यह, उद्योग (विकास और विनियमन) अधिनियम, के अंतर्गत आ गया, जिसके तहत कच्चे माल और आयात का लाइसेंसीकरण करकर, वस्त्र उद्योग को सरकारी संरक्षण में रखा गया।

अन्य पहलों में, भारत में बचे कपास उगाने वाले क्षेत्रों की मानसून वर्षा पर निर्भरता को कम करने के लिए भी प्रयास किए गए। कपास के उत्पादन को बढ़ाने के लिए सिंचाई सुविधाओं में सुधार किया गया। 1951 से 1997 तक, कपास कृषि क्षेत्र में पचास प्रतिशत से अधिक वृद्धि हुई, और 1990 के दशक में भारत कच्चे कपास के उत्पादन में केवल चीन और अमरीका से ही पीछे था। उत्पादन परिदृश्य के विकास के संदर्भ में, 'मिश्रित मिलें,' जहाँ कताई और बुनाई दोनों होती थीं, अब स्थापित की गईं। बुनाई केंद्रों में हथकरघों से बिजली करघों तक क्रमिक परिवर्तन पर भी ध्यान केंद्रित किया गया।

भारतीय वस्त्र उद्योग: उत्पादन और निर्यात

वर्तमान में भारतीय वस्त्र उद्योग के पास कुछ अनुकूल परिस्थियाँ हैं, जिसमें कच्चे माल की प्रचुरता, श्रम की प्रतिस्पर्धी लागत, कुशल मानव-बल और बढ़ता हुआ बाजार, सम्मिलित हैं। उपरोक्त चार्ट 2019 तक उद्योग के प्रमुख तथ्यों को दर्शाता है। भारत कपास और जूट का सबसे बड़ा उत्पादक है, और विश्व में रेशम का दूसरा सबसे बड़ा उत्पादक है। इसके अतिरिक्त, यह एकमात्र देश है, जो रेशम की पाँच किस्मों- शहतूत, एरी, मूगा, उष्णकटिबंधीय टसर और शीतोष्ण टसर - का उत्पादन करता है। यह कपड़े का दूसरा सबसे बड़ा निर्यातक है तथा कपड़े और परिधान के वैश्विक व्यापार में इसकी 5% हिस्सेदारी है।

Contemporary

अमरीकी डॉलर में वस्त्रों के निर्यात और आयात को दर्शाता हुआ ग्राफ़

यह ग्राफ़ विगत पाँच वित्तीय वर्षों में भारत द्वारा किए गए कपड़े के आयात और निर्यात (अमरीकी डॉलर में) की तुलना करता है। जैसा कि ग्राफ़ से स्पष्ट है, भारतीय कपड़े का निर्यात इसके आयात से लगातार अधिक रहा है। इस प्रकार, कपड़ा उद्योग भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था के लिए निर्यात आमदनी का एक महत्वपूर्ण स्रोत है। वस्त्र उद्योग, सकल घरेलू उत्पाद (जीडीपी) में 2% और कुल निर्यात आमदनी में लगभग 12% योगदान देता है। कुल वस्त्र निर्यात का 40% से अधिक हिस्सा यूरोपीय संघ और संयुक्त राज्य अमरीका को भेजा जाता है। 15% से अधिक निर्यात चीन, संयुक्त अरब अमीरात और बांग्लादेश को किया जाता है।

fsdf

एफ़टीए भागीदार देशों में भारत के निर्यात को दर्शाता हुआ रेखा-चित्र

एफ़टीए अथवा मुक्त व्यापार समझौता उन देशों के बीच विभिन्न समझौतों को संदर्भित करता है जो प्रशुल्क, शुल्क और अन्य व्यापार विवरणों का निर्धारण करते हैं और सहमत दलों के बीच मुक्त व्यापार क्षेत्रों के सृजन की अनुमति देते हैं। आँकड़े हमें विभिन्न एफ़टीए भागीदार देशों - बांग्लादेश, इंडोनेशिया, वियतनाम, दक्षिण कोरिया, जापान और चीन - के साथ भारत के वस्त्र निर्यात हिस्से को समझने में मदद करते हैं।

sda

अमरीकी डॉलर में भारत के जूट और जूट उत्पादों के निर्यात को दर्शाता हुआ ग्राफ़

विश्व में जूट का सबसे बड़ा उत्पादक होने के नाते, भारत का जूट निर्यात भी महत्वपूर्ण रहा है। दिया हुआ ग्राफ़, 2014-2018 तक, भारत के जूट निर्यात को मिलियन अमरीकी डॉलर में दर्शाता है। जिन मुख्य क्षेत्रों को भारत से जूट का निर्यात किया जाता है, वे हैं, यूरोपीय संघ, संयुक्त राज्य अमरीका, घाना, सऊदी अरब और नेपाल।

dad

अमरीकी डॉलर में भारत के कपास की विभिन्न श्रेणियों के निर्यात को दर्शाती हुई तालिका

उपरोक्त तालिका वर्ष 2015-16 में निर्यात की गई कपास की श्रेणियों का विवरण देती है। यह समझने में मदद करती है कि वस्त्र व्यापार में, रेशे से परिधानों और अन्य वस्तुओं जैसे पर्दे, बिछौने, इत्यादि (बने हुए कपड़ों अथवा मेड-अप्स श्रेणी में सम्मिलित) बनाने तक, उत्पादन के प्रत्येक चरण में निर्यात और आयात सम्मिलित हैं। यह हमें केवल कपास के निर्यात से ही भारत द्वारा अर्जित बड़ी राशि की भी जानकारी देती है।

भारत के सबसे पुराने उद्योगों में से एक होने के नाते, आज वस्त्र उद्योग भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था के सबसे महत्वपूर्ण व्यावसायिक क्षेत्रों में से एक बन गया है। कृषि के बाद, यह लाखों लोगों को प्रत्यक्ष और अप्रत्यक्ष रूप से रोजगार देने वाला सबसे महत्वपूर्ण रोजगार सृजन क्षेत्र है। प्रचुर मात्रा में उपलब्ध कच्चे माल, और कुशल श्रम के भारत के फ़ायदे, इसकी उत्पादक क्षमता को बढ़ाते हैं, और वस्त्र निर्यात से होने वाली आमदनी देश का मुख्य आय स्रोत बन गई है। विभिन्न व्यापार अधिनियमों और अतीत में अन्य देशों द्वारा लगाए गए अंतर्राष्ट्रीय व्यापार पर पक्षपाती प्रतिबंधों के बावजूद, समय के साथ, भारत, वस्त्रों के वैश्विक बाजार में एक महत्वपूर्ण खिलाड़ी के रूप में उतरा है तथा वस्त्र व्यापार में प्रमुख हिस्सेदारी का दावा करता है।

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