Mumbai, formerly known as Bombay until 1995 is India’s wealthiest city and a global economic powerhouse. As the capital of Maharashtra, this bustling metropolis is not only the core of the Mumbai Metropolitan Region but also holds the distinction of being the sixth-most populous metropolitan area in the world, with over 23 million residents. The origin of the city traces back to a cluster of seven islands—Isle of Bombay, Parel, Mazagaon, Mahim, Colaba, Worli, and Old Woman’s Island (also known as Little Colaba). These islands were originally inhabited by the Koli people, an indigenous fishing community-speaking Marathi. For centuries, they were governed by various local empires until the Portuguese Empire took control. A significant turning point occurred in 1661 when the islands were ceded to the East India Company as part of the dowry of Catherine of Braganza, who married Charles II of England. The transformation of Mumbai into a major urban center began with the Hornby Vellard project starting in 1782. This ambitious land reclamation effort, completed by 1845, unified the seven islands into a single landmass and established Mumbai as a crucial seaport on the Arabian Sea. This period also saw extensive infrastructure development, including major roads and railways, which spurred the city’s economic and educational growth.
By the 19th century, Mumbai—then still known as Bombay—had emerged as a vital hub for trade and commerce. Its significance continued to rise throughout the early 20th century as it became a central base for the Indian independence movement. Following India's independence in 1947, Bombay was incorporated into the newly formed Bombay State, which evolved into the state of Maharashtra in 1960 after the Samyukta Maharashtra Movement. The city was officially renamed Mumbai, derived from Mumbā or Mahā-Ambā, the name of Mumbadevi, the patron Hindu goddess revered by the native Koli community. It also incorporates ā'ī, meaning "mother" in Marathi, the mother tongue of the Koli people and the official language of Maharashtra. Historically, the city was known by the names Kakamuchee and Galajunkja, which are occasionally still used today.
Mumbai is the birthplace of Indian cinema and remains its beating heart. The city’s cinematic journey began with the landmark film Raja Harishchandra, produced in 1913 by Dadasaheb Phalke, often revered as the father of Indian cinema. This pivotal moment laid the foundation for what would become one of the largest film industries in the world, contributing to over 60% of India’s film productions. Mumbai continues to be the main hub for Indian cinema, a status solidified over more than a century. The city is home to the Dadasaheb Phalke Chitranagari, commonly known as Film City, named in honor of Phalke's monumental contribution to the industry. Established in 1977, Film City spans over 520 acres and has become a cornerstone of Indian film production. It provides a sprawling, well-organized space for both small-scale productions and grand cinematic endeavors, making it an indispensable resource for filmmakers.
Mumbai's role in film history is also reflected in its numerous cinemas and film studios. The city houses iconic movie theatres such as Plaza, New Empire Cinema, and New Excelsior, alongside modern multiplexes like Inox Leisure Ltd’s largest offering in India—an 11-screen Megaplex at Inorbit Mall. This evolution from classic cinemas to multiplexes underscores the city's adaptability and its thriving cultural scene. Beyond its cinematic fame, Mumbai stands as a significant economic and cultural epicenter. Its deep natural harbor has historically facilitated trade and commerce, contributing to its status as a financial hub. The city is home to major financial institutions, including the Bombay Stock Exchange, and serves as a base for numerous multinational corporations and industries.
Mumbai’s rich heritage is reflected in its diverse architecture, bustling markets, and vibrant festivals. The city's landmarks, from the historic Gateway of India to the elegant Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, echo its colonial past while embracing modernity. The lively streets of Colaba, the trendy locales of Bandra, and the artistic hubs of Kala Ghoda all showcase Mumbai’s multifaceted personality. Today, Mumbai is a dynamic global city with a distinguished status. In 2008, it earned the prestigious designation of an ‘alpha world city’, reflecting its significant global economic influence. Strategically located on India’s western coast, Mumbai City District is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the West and South, and Thane Creek to the East, with the Mumbai (Suburban) District lying to the North. The Southern part of the city, covering 157 square kilometers, is part of the Greater Mumbai Municipal Corporation. According to the 2011 Census, this district has a population of 3,085,411. The city boasts a literacy rate of 89.2 percent and a sex ratio of 832 females per 1,000 males, highlighting its vibrant and diverse demographic.
Mumbai stands as a symbol of India’s growth and resilience, encapsulating the essence of a dynamic and evolving metropolis. Its evolution from a collection of islands into a global financial powerhouse showcases both its rich history and dynamic growth. From its pivotal role in shaping Indian cinema to its status as a global economic hub, Mumbai captures the imagination through its cinematic legacy, economic opportunities, and cultural richness. The opulence of its financial districts intersects with the vibrant culture of its neighborhoods, solidifying its role as a key player on the world stage.